Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is crucial for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis, offer

Geotechnical exploration techniques are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include boreholes, geophysical techniques su

Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the observatio